Biomechanics and Implant Design

Biomechanics of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System

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The human musculoskeletal system consists of two parts. The first part models the neuromuscular network that represents the relationships between the spinal nerve signals and muscle activities, which are then converted to muscle tensions using a physiological muscle dynamics model. The second part includes the feedback loops from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs to the spinal nerve that represent the somatic reflex using muscle length, velocity, and tension information. The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. Biomechanical Movement is completely dependent on Neuromusculoskeletal  Biomechanics and their coordination which is very useful in the neurosurgery Biomechanics is also applied to studying human musculoskeletal system. Such research utilizes force platforms to study human ground reaction forces and infrared videography to capture the trajectories of markers attached to the human body to study human 3D motion. Research also applies electromyography (EMG) system to study the muscle activation. By this, it is feasible to investigate the muscle responses to the external forces as well as perturbations. The brain controls the movements of skeletal (voluntary) muscles via specialized nerves. The combination of the nervous system and muscles, working together to permit movement, is known as the neuromuscular system. If you want to move part of your body, a message is sent to particular neurons (nerve cells), called upper motor neurons. Upper motor neurons have long tails (axons) that go into and through the brain, and into the spine, where they connect with lower motor neurons. At the spinal cord, the lower motor neurons send their axons via nerves in the arms and legs directly to the muscle they control.